Oxidation State in Peritoneal Dialysis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) progression is closely related to oxidative stress (OS). The study objective was to determine the oxidant and antioxidant status in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). An analytical cross-sectional study from the PD program was carried out with 62 patients, 22 with and 40 without DM. Lipoperoxides (LPO) levels in patients with DM, 3.74 ± 1.09 mM/L, and without DM, 3.87 ± 0.84 mM/L were found to increase compared to healthy controls (HC) 3.05 ± 0.58 mM/L (p = 0.006). The levels of the oxidative DNA damage marker (8-OH-dG) were found to be significantly increased in patients with DM, 1.71 ng/mL (0.19-71.92) and without DM, 1.05 ng/mL (0.16-68.80) front to 0.15 ng/mL (0.15-0.1624) of HC (p = 0.001). The antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was found to be significantly increased in patients with DM, 0.37 ± 0.15 U/mL, and without DM, 0.37 ± 0.17 compared to HC, 0.23 ± 0.05 U/mL (p = 0.038). The activity of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx) showed a significant increase (p < 0.001) in patients with DM, 3.56 ± 2.18 nmol/min/mL, and without DM, 3.28 ± 1.46 nmol/min/mL, contrary to the activity obtained in HC, 1.55 ± 0.34 nmol/min/mL. In conclusion, we found an imbalance of oxidative status in patients undergoing PD with and without DM through the significant increase in LPO oxidants and the marker of oxidative damage in DNA. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and GPx were significantly increased in patients with and without DM undergoing PD, possibly in an attempt to compensate for the deregulation of oxidants. Antioxidant enzymes could be promising therapeutic strategies as a complement to the management of chronic kidney diseases.

The Influence of the Severity of Early Chronic Kidney Disease on Oxidative Stress in Patients with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Early Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a condition that tends to progress to End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD). Early diagnosis of kidney disease in the early stages can reduce complications. Alterations in renal function represent a complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). The mechanisms underlying the progression of CKD in diabetes could be associated with oxidative and inflammatory processes. This study aimed to evaluate the state of inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) on the progression of CKD in the early stages in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in patients with CKD in early stages (1, 2, 3) with and without T2DM. The ELISA method determined the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α as well as lipoperoxides (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD). Colorimetric methods determined glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Patients with CKD and T2DM had significantly decreased antioxidant defenses for SOD (p < 0.01), GPx (p < 0.01), and TAC (p < 0.01) compared to patients without T2DM. Consequently, patients with T2DM had higher concentrations of oxidant markers, NO (p < 0.01), inflammation markers, IL-6 (p < 0.01), and TNF-α than patients without T2DM. CKD stages were not related to oxidative, antioxidant, and inflammatory marker outcomes in T2DM patients. Patients without T2DM presented an increase in SOD (p = 0.04) and a decrease in NO (p < 0.01) when the stage of CKD increased. In conclusion, patients with T2DM present higher levels of oxidative and inflammatory markers accompanied by a decrease in antioxidant defense. However, these oxidative status markers were associated with CKD stage progression in patients without T2DM. Thus, NO and SOD markers could help detect the early stages of CKD in patients who have not yet developed metabolic comorbidities such as T2DM.

Procalcitonina sérica como marcador de la función del injerto en el postrasplante renal inmediato

Contexto la procalcitonina (PCT) podría ser útil en la evaluación de la función del injerto renal (IR) en el postrasplante inmediato, ya que sus niveles se incrementan posterior a la elevación de citocinas inflamatorias (IL-6, TNF-ß) durante eventos de disfunción renal. Objetivo determinar la asociación de la PCT sérica con la función del injerto renal en el periodo postrasplante inmediato. Metodología cohorte retrospectiva de septiembre del 2018 a abril del 2019 en la División de Nefrología y Trasplantes, del Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente (CMNO), del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). Se incluyeron 62 receptores de trasplante renal de donante vivo (DV) y fallecido (DF) con determinación de PCT antes del séptimo día del TR y el registro de eventos de disfunción temprana del injerto (DTI), comparados con pacientes sin DTI (sDTI). Resultados los receptores con DTI presentaron niveles más altos de PCT (13,90, 3,90, 1,22 ng/mL) comparado con el grupo sin DTI (0,32, 0,31 y 0,22 ng/ml) en los días 1, 3 y 5 respectivamente; p < 0,05. Conclusiones la PCT es un marcador biológico asociado a DTI en el postrasplante renal inmediato.

Background Procalcitonin (PCT) could be useful for evaluation of the renal allograft (RG) in the immediate post-transplant since its levels increase after elevation of the inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-ß) during events of renal failure. Purpose Our objective was to determine the association of serum PCT with the function of the RG in the immediate post-transplant. Methodology A retrospective cohort from September 2018- April 2019 in the National Western Medical Center of the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), was performed. Sixty-two recipients of living donor (LD) and deceased donor (DD) renal transplant (RT) with PCT evaluation before the seventh days of RT were included; and, events of early renal allograft failure (EAF) were recorded and compared to patients no EAF (nEAF). Results The recipients with EAF presented with higher PCT levels (13.90, 3.90, 1.22 ng/mL) compared to the nEAF group (0.32, 0.31, and 0.22 ng/ml) on days 1, 3, and 5, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions The PCT is a biological marker associated with EAF in the immediate post-transplant.

Donor-specific antibodies development in renal living-donor receptors: Effect of a single cohort.

Minimization in immunosuppression could contribute to the appearance the donor-specific HLA antibodies (DSA) and graft failure. The objective was to compare the incidence of DSA in renal transplantation (RT) in recipients with immunosuppression with and without steroids. A prospective cohort from March 1st, 2013 to March 1st, 2014 and follow-up (1 year), ended in March 2015, was performed in living donor renal transplant (LDRT) recipients with immunosuppression and early steroid withdrawal (ESW) and compared with a control cohort (CC) of patients with steroid-sustained immunosuppression. All patients were negative cross-matched and for DSA pre-transplant. The regression model was used to associate the development of DSA antibodies and acute rejection (AR) in subjects with immunosuppressive regimens with and without steroids. Seventy-seven patients were included (30 ESW and 47 CC). The positivity of DSA class I (13% vs 2%; P < 0.05) and class II (17% vs 4%, P = 0.06) antibodies were higher in ESW versus CC. The ESW tended to predict DSA class II (RR 5.7; CI (0.93-34.5, P = 0.06). T-cell mediated rejection presented in 80% of patients with DSA class I (P = 0.07), and 86% with DSA II (P = 0.03), and was associated with DSA class II, (RR 7.23; CI (1.2-44), P = 0.03). ESW could favor the positivity of DSA. A most strictly monitoring the DSA is necessary for the early stages of the transplant to clarify the relationship between T-cell mediated rejection and DSA.

Loss of muscle strength in patients under hemodialysis evaluated by dynamometry in the Mexican population / Pérdida de fuerza muscular en pacientes en hemodiálisis evaluados mediante dinamometría en la población mexicana

INTRODUCTION: chronic kidney disease contributes to decreased muscle strength and physical function through a decrease in muscle mass. Current evidence suggests that hemodialysis can accentuate this complication, as well as lead to deterioration of the patient's overall health. The aim of this study is to compare muscle strength in a group of Mexican patients undergoing hemodialysis, evaluated by dynamometry, with available reference values. MATERIALS AND METHODS: a cross-sectional study was conducted in male and female patients between 20 and 81 years of age, with stage-5 chronic kidney disease, from the outpatient Hospital General Regional No 46 of the Mexican Social Security Institute. Muscle strength was assessed by means of a mechanical dynamometer. The average value classified by age and gender was compared with the 50th percentile of a reference study. Inter-group differences were calculated with the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test, and correlation using Pearson's test, logistic regression, and chi-squared test. All patients signed an informed consent form. RESULTS: a total of 150 patients, 97 (64.7 %) men and 53 (35.3 %) women, were included in the study. The mean dynamometric value for muscle strength was 21.5 ± 10.1 kg, and a significant correlation was found with age, weight, and hemoglobin concentration. CONCLUSION: patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment for chronic kidney disease were found to be at the 10th percentile for muscle strength, as measured by dynamometry, thus demonstrating a marked decrease in muscle strength. This result could, however, also have been affected by different variables such as patient age, height, weight, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), hemoglobin concentration, serum creatinine, serum glucose, and the subjective global assessment, given that a significant association was also found between these and muscle strength

INTRODUCCIÓN: la enfermedad renal crónica contribuye a disminuir la fuerza muscular y la función física a través de una disminución de la masa muscular. De acuerdo con la evidencia, la hemodiálisis puede acentuar esta complicación, así como llevar al paciente a un deterioro del estado general de salud. El objetivo de la investigación fue comparar la fuerza muscular de pacientes con hemodiálisis, evaluada mediante dinamometría en una población mexicana, con los valores de referencia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio transversal en pacientes masculinos y femeninos de 20 a 81 años, con enfermedad renal crónica en estadio 5, del área de consulta externa del Hospital General Regional No 46 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. La fuerza muscular se evaluó por medio de un dinamómetro mecánico. El valor promedio clasificado por rango de edad y género se comparó con el percentil 50 de un estudio de referencia. Las diferencias intergrupales se calcularon con la prueba no paramétrica de la U de Mann-Whitney y la correlación mediante la prueba de Pearson. Todos los pacientes firmaron la carta de consentimiento informado. RESULTADOS: la muestra del estudio fue de 150 pacientes, 97 (64,7 %) hombres y 53 (35,3 %) mujeres. De acuerdo con la dinamometría, la media fue de 21,5 ± 10,1 kg; se demostró una correlación significativa entre la edad, el peso y la hemoglobina. CONCLUSIÓN: se encontró que los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica sometidos a hemodiálisis se encontraban en el percentil 10 de fuerza muscular, medido por dinamometría, lo que demuestra una disminución marcada de dicha fuerza muscular. Sin embargo, este resultado también podría verse afectado por diferentes variables, como la edad del paciente, la altura, el peso, la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG), la concentración de hemoglobina, la creatinina sérica, la glucosa sérica y la evaluación global subjetiva, dado que se encontró una asociación significativa entre estos factores y la fuerza muscular

Loss of muscle strength in patients under hemodialysis evaluated by dynamometry in the Mexican population.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: chronic kidney disease contributes to decreased muscle strength and physical function through a decrease in muscle mass. Current evidence suggests that hemodialysis can accentuate this complication, as well as lead to deterioration of the patient's overall health. The aim of this study is to compare muscle strength in a group of Mexican patients undergoing hemodialysis, evaluated by dynamometry, with available reference values. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted in male and female patients between 20 and 81 years of age, with stage-5 chronic kidney disease, from the outpatient Hospital General Regional No 46 of the Mexican Social Security Institute. Muscle strength was assessed by means of a mechanical dynamometer. The average value classified by age and gender was compared with the 50th percentile of a reference study. Inter-group differences were calculated with the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test, and correlation using Pearson's test, logistic regression, and chi-squared test. All patients signed an informed consent form. Results: a total of 150 patients, 97 (64.7 %) men and 53 (35.3 %) women, were included in the study. The mean dynamometric value for muscle strength was 21.5 ± 10.1 kg, and a significant correlation was found with age, weight, and hemoglobin concentration. Conclusion: patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment for chronic kidney disease were found to be at the 10th percentile for muscle strength, as measured by dynamometry, thus demonstrating a marked decrease in muscle strength. This result could, however, also have been affected by different variables such as patient age, height, weight, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), hemoglobin concentration, serum creatinine, serum glucose, and the subjective global assessment, given that a significant association was also found between these and muscle strength.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la enfermedad renal crónica contribuye a disminuir la fuerza muscular y la función física a través de una disminución de la masa muscular. De acuerdo con la evidencia, la hemodiálisis puede acentuar esta complicación, así como llevar al paciente a un deterioro del estado general de salud. El objetivo de la investigación fue comparar la fuerza muscular de pacientes con hemodiálisis, evaluada mediante dinamometría en una población mexicana, con los valores de referencia. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal en pacientes masculinos y femeninos de 20 a 81 años, con enfermedad renal crónica en estadio 5, del área de consulta externa del Hospital General Regional No 46 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. La fuerza muscular se evaluó por medio de un dinamómetro mecánico. El valor promedio clasificado por rango de edad y género se comparó con el percentil 50 de un estudio de referencia. Las diferencias intergrupales se calcularon con la prueba no paramétrica de la U de Mann-Whitney y la correlación mediante la prueba de Pearson. Todos los pacientes firmaron la carta de consentimiento informado. Resultados: la muestra del estudio fue de 150 pacientes, 97 (64,7 %) hombres y 53 (35,3 %) mujeres. De acuerdo con la dinamometría, la media fue de 21,5 ± 10,1 kg; se demostró una correlación significativa entre la edad, el peso y la hemoglobina. Conclusión: se encontró que los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica sometidos a hemodiálisis se encontraban en el percentil 10 de fuerza muscular, medido por dinamometría, lo que demuestra una disminución marcada de dicha fuerza muscular. Sin embargo, este resultado también podría verse afectado por diferentes variables, como la edad del paciente, la altura, el peso, la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG), la concentración de hemoglobina, la creatinina sérica, la glucosa sérica y la evaluación global subjetiva, dado que se encontró una asociación significativa entre estos factores y la fuerza muscular.

The Role of Dietary Antioxidants on Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Nephropathy.

Diabetic nephropathy (ND) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease and oxidative stress (OS) has been recognized as a key factor in the pathogenesis and progression. Hyperglycemia, reactive oxygen species, advanced glycation end products, arterial pressure, insulin resistance, decrease in nitric oxide, inflammatory markers, and cytokines, among others; are involved in the presence of OS on ND. This revision focus on diverse studies in experimental and human models with diabetes and DN that has been demonstrated beneficial effects of different dietary antioxidant as resveratrol, curcumin, selenium, soy, catechins, α-lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10, omega-3 fatty acids, zinc, vitamins E and C, on OS and the capacity for antioxidant response. Therefore, this interventions could have a positive clinical impact on DN.

Cardiomiopatía urémica y transporte peritoneal en pacientes incidentes con diálisis peritoneal en el occidente de México / Uremic cardiomyopathy and peritoneal transport in incident peritoneal dialysis patients in the west of Mexico

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Soporte nutricional en lesión renal aguda / Nutritional support in acute kidney injury

El desgaste proteico energético (DPE) es altamente prevalente en pacientes con lesión renal aguda (LRA), lo que incrementa la mortalidad, complicaciones y el uso de recursos sanitarios. Los objetivos del soporte nutricional (SN) incluyen: adecuar el aporte de nutrientes, prevenir el DPE, preservar la masa corporal magra, mantener el estado nutricional, evitar otros trastornos metabólicos, mejorar la cicatrización de heridas, apoyar la función inmune y reducir la mortalidad. Los pacientes con LRA en terapia de reemplazo renal (TRR) deben recibir al menos 1.5 g/kg/d de proteína y no más de 30 kcal no proteicas/kg/d. Se deben tomar en cuenta las pérdidas de macronutrientes y micronutrientes especialmente en los diferentes tipos de TRR, así como las alteraciones metabólicas, subalimentación o sobrealimentación. La nutrición enteral debe ser la primera elección de alimentación, sin embargo, la nutrición parenteral sola o combinada debe ser utilizada para alcanzar los objetivos nutricionales. El SN debe ser temprano durante las primeras 24-48 hrs. Los requerimientos nutricionales y el tipo de SN deben ser individualizados y reevaluados con frecuencia en pacientes con LRA (AU)

Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is highly prevalent in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI), increasing mortality, complications and use of health resources. The goals of nutritional support (NS) include: adequate intake of nutrients, prevent PEW, preservation of lean body mass, maintenance of nutritional status, avoidance of further metabolic derangements, enhancement of wound healing, support of immune function and reduction in mortality. Patients with AKI on renal replacement therapy (RRT) should receive at least 1.5 g/kg/d of protein and not more than 30 nonprotein kcal/kg/d. It should be taken into account losses macronutrients and micronutrients specially in the different types of RRT, metabolic alterations and underfeeding or overfeeding. Enteral nutrition should be the first choice of feeding, however, alone or complementary parenteral nutrition should be used to achieve nutritional goals. NS should be early in the first 24-48 hrs. The nutritional requirements and type of NS should be frequently reassessed and individualized in patients with AKI (AU)

Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Nephropathy with Early Chronic Kidney Disease.

The increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and the secondary kidney damage produces diabetic nephropathy (DN). Early nephropathy is defined as the presence of microalbuminuria (30-300 mg/day), including normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or a mildly decreased GFR (60-89 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), with or without overt nephropathy. The earliest change caused by DN is hyperfiltration with proteinuria. The acceptable excretion rate of albumin in urine is <30 mg/day. Albuminuria represents the excretion of >300 mg/day. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by abnormalities in renal function that persist for >3 months with health implications. Alterations in the redox state in DN are caused by the persistent state of hyperglycemia and the increase in advanced glycation end products (AGEs) with ability to affect the renin-angiotensin system and the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß), producing chronic inflammation and glomerular and tubular hypertrophy and favoring the appearance of oxidative stress. In DN imbalance between prooxidant/antioxidant processes exists with an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). The overproduction of ROS diminishes expression of the antioxidant enzymes (manganese superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase). The early detection of CKD secondary to DN and the timely identification of patients would permit decreasing its impact on health.

[ASSOCIATION OF SERUM ALBUMIN AND SUBJECTIVE GLOBAL ASSESSMENT ON INCIDENT PERITONEAL DIALYSIS PATIENTS]. / ASOCIACIÓN DE ALBÚMINA SÉRICA Y VALORACIÓN GLOBAL SUBJETIVA EN PACIENTES INCIDENTES EN DIÁLISIS PERITONEAL.

INTRODUCTION: serum albumin the biomarker most frequently used as one of three biochemical criteria for diagnosis of protein energy wasting (PEW). However, as a nutritional parameter it's unreliable in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The subjective global assessment (SGA) has been recommended for nutritional evaluation and the PEW in CKD. OBJECTIVE: determine association between the levels of serum albumin and SGA in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) who started peritoneal dialysis (PD). METHODS: a cross-sectional study in patients with ESRD were evaluated prior to starting PD. Levels of serum albumin were determined and nutritional assessment was performed by SGA. RESULTS: 69 patients, 46 (67%) men and 23 (33%) women, average age 39.97 ± 18.30 years old, serum albumin 2.75 ± 0.65 g/dl, creatinine 18.91 ± 10.98 mg/dl, urea 314.80 ± 152.74 mg/dl and BMI 23.37 ± 3.79 kg/m2, median of GFR 3 (1-12) mL/min/1.73m2. The SGA showed that 34.8% was well nourished, 40.6% had risk of moderate PEW and the 24.6% had severe PEW. There was no association (p = ns) between the levels of serum albumin and SGA. CONCLUSION: the present study shows hypoalbuminemia and PEW are very frequent. The identification of levels of serum albumin and SGA at the beginning of PD in our population could be predictors of mortality. Serum albumin is not a useful tool for nutritional assessment in patients with ERSD who initiate PD.

Introducción: la albúmina sérica es el biomarcador más frecuentemente utilizado como uno de los tres criterios bioquímicos para el diagnóstico del desgaste proteico energético (DPE). Sin embargo, como parámetro nutricional es poco fiable en la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). La valoración global subjetiva (VGS) ha sido recomendada para la evaluación nutricional y del DPE en ERC. Objetivo: determinar la asociación de los niveles de albúmina sérica y la VGS en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal (IRCT) que iniciaron diálisis peritoneal (DP). Métodos: estudio transversal analítico en pacientes con IRCT que fueron evaluados previo a iniciar DP. Se determinaron niveles de albúmina sérica y se realizó una evaluación nutricional mediante la VGS. Resultados: 69 pacientes, 46 (67%) hombres y 23 (33%) mujeres, con una media de edad de 39,97 ± 18,30 años, albúmina sérica 2,75 ± 0,65 g/dl, creatinina 18,91 ± 10,98 mg/dl, urea 314,80 ± 152,74 mg/dl e IMC 23,37 ± 3,79 kg/m2, la mediana de TFG 3 (1-12) mL/min/1,73m2. La VGS mostró que el 34,8% estaba bien nutrido, el 40,6% tenía riesgo de DPE o moderado y el 24,6% presentaba un DPE severo. No existió asociación (p = ns) entre los niveles de albúmina sérica y la VGS. Conclusión: el presente estudio muestra que la hipoalbuminemia y el DPE son muy frecuentes. La identificación de los niveles de albúmina sérica y la VGS al iniciar DP en nuestra población pudieran ser predictores de mortalidad. La albúmina sérica no es una herramienta útil para la evaluación nutricional en pacientes con IRCT que iniciarán DP.

Asociación de albúmina sérica y valoración global subjetiva en pacientes incidentes en diálisis peritoneal / Association of serum albumin and subjective global assessment on incident peritoneal dialysis patients

Introducción: la albúmina sérica es el biomarcador más frecuentemente utilizado como uno de los tres criterios bioquímicos para el diagnóstico del desgaste proteico energético (DPE). Sin embargo, como parámetro nutricional es poco fiable en la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). La valoración global subjetiva (VGS) ha sido recomendada para la evaluación nutricional y del DPE en ERC. Objetivo: determinar la asociación de los niveles de albúmina sérica y la VGS en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal (IRCT) que iniciaron diálisis peritoneal (DP). Métodos: estudio transversal analítico en pacientes con IRCT que fueron evaluados previo a iniciar DP. Se determinaron niveles de albúmina sérica y se realizó una evaluación nutricional mediante la VGS. Resultados: 69 pacientes, 46 (67%) hombres y 23 (33%) mujeres, con una media de edad de 39,97±18,30 años, albúmina sérica 2,75±0,65 g/dl, creatinina 18,91±10,98 mg/dl, urea 314,80±152,74 mg/dl e IMC 23,37±3,79 kg/m2, la mediana de TFG 3 (1-12) mL/min/1,73m2. La VGS mostró que el 34,8% estaba bien nutrido, el 40,6% tenía riesgo de DPE o moderado y el 24,6% presentaba un DPE severo. No existió asociación (p=ns) entre los niveles de albúmina sérica y la VGS. Conclusión: el presente estudio muestra que la hipoalbuminemia y el DPE son muy frecuentes. La identificación de los niveles de albúmina sérica y la VGS al iniciar DP en nuestra población pudieran ser predictores de mortalidad. La albúmina sérica no es una herramienta útil para la evaluación nutricional en pacientes con IRCT que iniciarán DP (AU)

Introduction: serum albumin the biomarker most frequently used as one of three biochemical criteria for diagnosis of protein energy wasting (PEW). However, as a nutritional parameter it’s unreliable in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The subjective global assessment (SGA) has been recommended for nutritional evaluation and the PEW in CKD. Objective: determine association between the levels of serum albumin and SGA in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) who started peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods: a cross-sectional study in patients with ESRD were evaluated prior to starting PD. Levels of serum albumin were determined and nutritional assessment was performed by SGA. Results: 69 patients, 46 (67%) men and 23 (33%) women, average age 39.97±18.30 years old, serum albumin 2.75±0.65 g/dl, creatinine 18.91±10.98 mg/dl, urea 314.80±152.74 mg/dl and BMI 23.37±3.79 kg/m2 , median of GFR 3 (1-12) mL/min/1.73m2 . The SGA showed that 34.8% was well nourished, 40.6% had risk of moderate PEW and the 24.6% had severe PEW. There was no association (p=ns) between the levels of serum albumin and SGA. Conclusion: the present study shows hypoalbuminemia and PEW are very frequent. The identification of levels of serum albumin and SGA at the beginning of PD in our population could be predictors of mortality. Serum albumin is not a useful tool for nutritional assessment in patients with ERSD who initiate PD (AU)

Comparison of direct medical costs between automated and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

OBJECTIVE: We set out to estimate the direct medical costs (DMCs) of peritoneal dialysis (PD) and to compare the DMCs for continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) and automated PD (APD). In addition, DMCs according to age, sex, and the presence of peritonitis were evaluated. METHODS: Our retrospective cohort analysis considered patients initiating PD, calculating 2008 costs and, for comparison, updating the results for 2010. The analysis took the perspective of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, including outpatient clinic and emergency room visits, dialysis procedures, medications, laboratory tests, hospitalizations, and surgeries. RESULTS: No baseline differences were observed for the 41 patients evaluated (22 on CAPD, 19 on APD). Median annual DMCs per patient on PD were US$15 072 in 2008 and US$16 452 in 2010. When analyzing percentage distribution, no differences were found in the DMCs for the modality groups. In both APD and CAPD, the main costs pertained to the dialysis procedure (CAPD 41%, APD 47%) and hospitalizations (CAPD 37%, APD 32%). Dialysis procedures cost significantly more (p = 0.001) in APD (US$7 084) than in CAPD (US$6 071), but total costs (APD US$15 389 vs CAPD US$14 798) and other resources were not different. The presence of peritonitis increased the total costs (US$16 075 vs US$14 705 for patients without peritonitis, p = 0.05), but in the generalized linear model analysis, DMCs were not predicted by age, sex, dialysis modality, or peritonitis. A similar picture was observed for costs extrapolated to 2010, with a 10% - 20% increase for each component--except for laboratory tests, which increased 52%, and dialysis procedures, which decreased 3%, from 2008. CONCLUSIONS: The annual DMCs per patient on PD in this study were US$15 072 in 2008 and US$16 452 in 2010. Total DMCs for dialysis procedures were higher in APD than in CAPD, but the difference was not statistically significant. In both APD and CAPD, 90% of costs were attributable to the dialysis procedure, hospitalizations, and medications. In a multivariate analysis, no independent variable significantly predicted a higher DMC.